Cervical Polyps: Symptoms, Treatment & UK Online Doctor Guide

Cervical polyps are small, fleshy, finger-like growths that develop on the cervix (the neck of the womb). They are remarkably common, particularly in women over the age of 40 or those who have had children. Although the discovery of any growth can be worrying, it is important to note that the vast majority of cervical polyps are benign (non-cancerous).

These growths typically vary in size from a few millimetres to one or two centimetres. They are usually cherry-red, purple, or greyish-white in colour. A person may have a single polyp or, in some cases, two or three. While the exact cause is not always clear, they are often associated with hormonal changes, particularly fluctuations in oestrogen, or chronic inflammation of the cervix.

In many cases, cervical polyps do not cause any symptoms at all and are only discovered during a routine cervical screening (smear test) or a pelvic examination for another reason. However, when symptoms do occur, they typically involve abnormal vaginal bleeding.

Key symptoms to look out for include:

• Post-coital bleeding: Bleeding or spotting immediately after sexual intercourse.
• Intermenstrual bleeding: Spotting or bleeding between your regular periods.
• Heavy periods: A noticeable increase in menstrual flow (menorrhagia).
• Post-menopausal bleeding: Any vaginal bleeding that occurs after you have gone through the menopause.
• Vaginal discharge: Occasionally, polyps can cause a white or yellow mucus discharge if they become inflamed or infected.

Because these symptoms can overlap with other conditions, such as cervical erosion or more serious concerns, it is vital to have any abnormal bleeding investigated by a professional.

Medical research suggests several factors that may contribute to the development of cervical polyps. These include:

Hormonal Imbalance

Oestrogen levels play a significant role in the growth of the cervical lining. High levels of oestrogen, which can occur during pregnancy or in the years leading up to menopause (perimenopause), may stimulate the growth of polyps.

Inflammation

Chronic inflammation of the cervix (cervicitis) due to infections or irritation can lead to the formation of polyps. In some cases, localized congestion of the blood vessels in the cervical canal may also be a contributing factor.

Age and Reproductive History

Women who are pre-menopausal and over 40 are at the highest risk. It is relatively rare to find cervical polyps in girls who have not yet started their periods and less common in very young women.

Diagnosis usually occurs during a speculum examination, similar to a smear test. A GP or gynaecologist can often see the polyps clearly on the surface of the cervix. According to NICE clinical knowledge summaries, any polyp that is symptomatic (causing bleeding) should generally be removed and sent for histology (laboratory testing) to confirm it is benign.

The Removal Procedure (Polypectomy)

Cervical polyp removal is usually a quick and straightforward procedure that often requires no anaesthetic. The doctor uses a small pair of forceps to grasp the base of the polyp and gently twist it off. You may feel a slight cramp, but the procedure is usually painless. Any minor bleeding afterwards is typically cauterized using a chemical swab (silver nitrate) or a small electric loop.

Following the procedure, you may experience some mild spotting for a day or two. It is usually advised to avoid sexual intercourse and tampon use until the spotting has stopped to allow the cervix to heal completely.

If you are experiencing abnormal bleeding but feel hesitant about visiting a clinic in person immediately, speaking to an online doctor is an excellent first step. An online GP can provide a calm, evidence-based consultation to assess your symptoms and determine the urgency of your case.

During a consultation with OnlineDoctor24, you can discuss your menstrual cycle, the nature of any spotting, and your recent cervical screening history. Our doctors can help determine if your symptoms are likely related to polyps or if another gynaecological issue may be the cause. They can also provide a referral letter for a physical examination or a private gynaecology specialist if required, ensuring you get the right care without unnecessary delay.

The best way to manage cervical health is through regular screening and prompt attention to changes. In the UK, the NHS Cervical Screening Programme is designed to detect cell changes before they become serious. If you are due for a smear test, it is important to attend. While polyps are not the focus of a smear test, they are frequently identified during the process, allowing for peace of mind or quick treatment.

Maintaining a diary of your symptoms—noting exactly when bleeding occurs in relation to your period or sexual activity—can be incredibly helpful for your doctor during your consultation.