Mumps in Adult Men: Symptoms, Risk Factors and Fertility Concerns

Mumps is a highly contagious viral infection caused by a paramyxovirus. In the UK, it was once a very common childhood illness before the introduction of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine. However, outbreaks still occur, particularly among young adults who may have missed their scheduled vaccinations or have waning immunity.

The virus primarily affects the parotid glands, which are the salivary glands located just below and in front of your ears. While the characteristic 'hamster-face' swelling is the most well-known symptom, the virus can travel through the bloodstream to affect other parts of the body, including the central nervous system and, in men, the reproductive system.

In adults, the symptoms of mumps can be more pronounced than in children. The illness typically begins with non-specific, flu-like symptoms that last for a few days before the parotid glands swell.

Early Signs

• A high temperature (fever) exceeding 38°C
• Headache and muscle aches
• Loss of appetite and fatigue
• Pain when chewing or swallowing

The Swelling Stage

Approximately two to three days after the initial symptoms, the parotid glands usually swell. This can happen on just one side of the face or both. The swelling is typically accompanied by significant tenderness and a 'tight' feeling in the jaw. According to NHS guidance, this swelling usually lasts for 7 to 10 days.

One of the most significant concerns for men catching mumps is a complication known as mumps orchitis. This occurs when the virus causes inflammation and swelling of the testicles. It is estimated that up to 1 in 4 men who contract mumps after puberty will experience this complication.

Orchitis usually develops 4 to 8 days after the facial swelling begins, though it can occasionally occur without any parotid swelling. Symptoms include sudden redness, heat, and intense pain in the scrotum. While many men worry about permanent infertility, complete sterility is rare. However, orchitis can lead to testicular atrophy (shrinking of the testicle) and a decrease in sperm count or quality. If you are concerned about your future fertility after a bout of mumps, you may wish to speak to an online doctor about a semen analysis once you have fully recovered.

The mumps virus is airborne and spreads in a similar way to the common cold or flu. It is found in the saliva and mucus of an infected person. You can catch it through:

• Direct contact with droplets from a cough or sneeze.
• Touching a surface contaminated with infected saliva and then touching your mouth or nose.
• Sharing utensils, cups, or towels with an infected person.

Under NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) guidelines, mumps is a notifiable disease in the UK. This means that if a doctor suspects you have mumps, they are legally required to notify the local Health Protection Team to help monitor and prevent outbreaks in the community.

Because mumps is a viral infection, antibiotics are ineffective and there is no specific anti-viral medication to cure it. Treatment focuses on managing the symptoms while the body's immune system clears the virus. Most adults feel better within two weeks.

Self-Care Tips

• Pain Relief: Over-the-counter paracetamol or ibuprofen can help manage fever and gland pain.Note: Always follow the dosage instructions on the packet.
• Hydration: Drink plenty of water, but avoid acidic fruit juices (like orange or lemon) as these can irritate the swollen salivary glands.
• Warm or Cold Compresses: Applying a flannel soaked in warm or cool water to the swollen glands can provide temporary relief.
• Supportive Underwear: If you are experiencing testicular pain, wearing supportive underwear or a scrotal support can reduce discomfort.

If you suspect you have mumps, it is important to seek medical advice to confirm the diagnosis and ensure you are not developing complications. In the UK, it is advised not to go directly into a GP surgery or A&E without phoning ahead, as you could infect vulnerable people in the waiting room.

An online GP consultation is a safe and effective way to discuss your symptoms from home. A doctor can review your symptoms via video, provide advice on managing pain, and issue a sick note for your employer if you are unable to work. They can also advise on the necessary isolation period—usually 5 days after the swelling first appears—to prevent spreading the virus to others.

The best way to protect yourself from mumps and its complications is the MMR vaccine. Most adults in the UK received this as children, but if you are unsure of your vaccination status, you can check your records via your local surgery or the NHS App. It is never too late to get vaccinated. Even if you have already had mumps, the vaccine is safe and provides protection against measles and rubella, which remain important health risks.